Bonanno stresses the importance of a “lead feeding” strategy—introducing grain two to three weeks pre-calving eases the rumen into high-demand lactation diets. Securing quality low-potassium forage and implementing anionic salt or calcium/phosphorus binder protocols can notably reduce milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia risks.

Subclinical hypocalcemia poses an invisible threat, undermining immune response, reproduction, and lactation. Bonanno emphasizes early disease monitoring during transition—such as milk fever, retained membranes, ketosis, and LDA—as indicators of protocol effectiveness .

Management protocols for retained membranes now prioritize hygiene and prevent infection: trimming membranes, administering “fresh cow” drenches (calcium propionate and propylene glycol), and avoiding manual placental removal unless absolutely necessary. Early detection and treatment are vital for recovery and productivity.